Sarcoidosis: Un diagnóstico a tener en cuenta en Atención Primaria.
Artículo publicado originalmente en 2016. Se mantiene disponible por su utilidad clínica y está programado para una revisión bibliográfica y actualización completa.
La formación del granuloma en la sarcoidosis es el resultado de una respuesta inmune anormal, en un huésped predispuesto, a un estimulo antigénico desconocido en la actialidad. El antígeno supuestamente implicado es presentado a los linfocitos T, a través de las moléculas de HLA clase II, activándose los macrófagos que liberarán citocinas y darán lugar a una hiperreactividad de la inmunidad celular; los macrófagos y linfocitos CD4 acumulados en los órganos afectados liberarán citocinas como interferón gamma (IFN-gamma), factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-alfa), IL1, IL2, IL6 o IL12. Estas citocinas orientarán una respuesta inmunitaria tipo Th1 y Th17 con descenso de la actividad de las células T reguladoras.
El compromiso de los diferentes órganos varía en función del sexo, la raza o la edad de presentación. La clínica oftalmológica o neurológica es más frecuente en las mujeres y las alteraciones de la calcemia en los hombres. Más del 50% de los pacientes presentan afectación de más de un órgano y hasta el 30% comienzan con enfermedad extrapulmonar. Las manifestaciones más comunes de la sarcoidosis en los diferentes órganos, en orden a su frecuencia de afectación, son los siguientes:
Estadio 0: Radiografía normal
Estadio I: Adenopatía hiliar bilateral (AHB)
Estadio II: AHB c/ infiltración parenquimatosa.
Estadio III: Fibrosis intersticial pulmonar.
Estadio IV: Fibrosis irreversible con bullas y formación de conglomerados.
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Lesiones Específicas
Formas clásicas
• Papulosas •Nodulares •En Placas
– Focales – Cutáneas – Únicas
– Generalizadas – Subcutáneas – Múltiples
– Variante Lupus Pernio
Formas infrecuentes
• Sarcoidosis sobre cicatriz • Ulcerosa
• Eritematosa • Ungueal
• Eritrodérmica • Mucosa
• Alopécica • Otras
• Psoriasiforme
Lesiones Inespecíficas
• Eritema nudoso • Vasculitis • Otras
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Es importante obtener una historia clínica completa con énfasis en la actividad laboral y posibles fuentes de exposición del paciente. El examen físico debe incluir una minuciosa evaluación de la piel, los pulmones, los ojos, el sistema nervioso y el corazón.
- Presencia de un cuadro clínico-radiológico compatible.
- Demostración histológica de granulomas no caseificantes en uno o más órganos con tinciones y cultivos para micobacterias y hongos negativos, o un test de Kveim positivo.
- Exclusión de otras enfermedades granulomatosas.
La sarcoidosis es, por lo general, una enfermedad relativamente benigna. La mitad de los pacientes experimenta una remisión espontánea en los tres primeros años y dos tercios en los primeros diez años. En Europa y EE. UU. la causa principal de mortalidad es la fibrosis pulmonar, en Japón, por el contrario, la causa principal de muerte es la afectación cardiaca.
El tratamiento de primera línea son los corticoides (GC) administrados sistémicamente, prednisona oral, aunque en caso de uveítis anterior o síntomas respiratorios leves son también útiles los GC tópicos.
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Gracias por la publicación es muy interesante.
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